The purpose of referencing is to show the context of expertise in which the researcher is grounding their own work, or at least who they want their discussion with – whether that be to argue against them or take this expertise further forward. The reader must be able to find the source information for each citation in the text in the reference list.
In MuTri doctoral theses, one of two forms of referencing can be used: either in-text citation (using brackets) or footnotes. The nature of the material cited will dictate which form of referencing the researcher will eventually choose. Choosing between these two will ultimately depend on the sheer amount of references to be made. In cultural studies, the argumentation is largely made through referring to analytical texts and their claims, in which case in-text citation instantly provides the reader with the name of the author referred to. In a work based more on physical artefacts, the same point made in the text might be supported by, say, seven different units of archived material. When these need to be grouped as references by your finding or claim, it is most likely easier done by footnotes, which are typical for historical sciences. This should be discussed separately with your supervisor. Note, that for publications in English the referencing practices might be different in style.
In-text citations are made in brackets within the text as follows:
When referring to a text that was originally published earlier than the edition you have cited, then it is good to add the original year of publication to the reference. This is indicated in square brackets at the end: (Adorno & Horkheimer 1979 [1944]).
If the author of a source (e.g., newspaper article) is not known, then it is enough to quote the name of the publication and the date it was published: (Ilmajoki Lehti, 18 March 1982).
It is important that there is no doubt as to which part of the main text the citation is accompanying. An in-text citation which applies to a whole paragraph is indicated by placing it after the full stop that ends the paragraph. In this case a full stop is also placed inside the brackets. (Aropaltio 2000, 116–118.) If the citation refers to more than one sentence, a similar citation where there is a full stop inside the brackets can be used. When referring to archive sources, citations are marked according to the archive code. For example, photographs (Kper Teuva/0299), and audio recordings (Kper A-K 1123).
References to interviews should be contained in brackets (Virtanen 2010). If the interviewee has not given their name or permission to use it, then reference may be made using the ‘I’ tag, for example, and a number indicating its position with regard to other interview citations in the text, e.g., (I1 2010).
Web page references in the text do not need a full URL, but the name of author and the year it was put online, or the web page’s name or headline. For example, a reference to Cheek’s Tour Date Website in the main text would take the form of (Cheek 2015), and in the reference list as follows: Cheek 2015. Alpha Omega Tour 2016 http://www.liigamusic.com/#tour (read on October 10, 2015).
Footnotes (in Word go to Insert => Footnote) follow the same format as in-text citations only there are no brackets. The part of the text the footnote applies to is indicated by a number to the immediate right in superscript. It is important that it is clear which part of the main text this is. If you are referring to a whole sentence or paragraph, then the number will be placed after the full stop ending the sentence or paragraph in question, like this.1 If however you are referring to one specific word or concept then it is placed directly after the word even if this means putting it before a full stop at the end of a sentence, like this2. No spaces are used before these superscript numbers.